Second Round of Full Day RFI Flagging¶
by Josh Dillon, last updated July 31, 2023
This notebook is synthesizes information from individual delay_filtered_average_zscore notebooks to find low-level RFI and flag it. That notebook takes smooth_calibrated data, redundantly averages it, performs a high-pass delay filter, and then incoherently averages across baselines, creating a per-polarization z-score. This notebook then takes that whole night of z-scores and finds a new set of flags to both add to the smooth_cal files, which are updated in place, and to write down as new UVFlag waterfall-type .h5 files.
Here's a set of links to skip to particular figures and tables:
• Figure 1: Waterfall of Maximum z-Score of Either Polarization Before Round 2 Flagging¶
• Figure 2: Histogram of z-scores¶
• Figure 3: Waterfall of Maximum z-Score of Either Polarization After Round 2 Flagging¶
• Figure 4: Spectra of Time-Averaged z-Scores¶
• Figure 5: Summary of Flags Before and After Round 2 Flagging¶
In [1]:
import time
tstart = time.time()
In [2]:
import os
os.environ['HDF5_USE_FILE_LOCKING'] = 'FALSE'
import h5py
import hdf5plugin # REQUIRED to have the compression plugins available
import numpy as np
import glob
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib
import copy
import warnings
from pyuvdata import UVFlag, UVCal
from hera_cal import utils
from hera_qm import xrfi
from hera_qm.time_series_metrics import true_stretches
from IPython.display import display, HTML
%matplotlib inline
display(HTML("<style>.container { width:100% !important; }</style>"))
_ = np.seterr(all='ignore') # get rid of red warnings
%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'retina'
In [3]:
# get input data file names
SUM_FILE = os.environ.get("SUM_FILE", None)
# SUM_FILE = '/lustre/aoc/projects/hera/h6c-analysis/IDR2/2459861/zen.2459861.25297.sum.uvh5'
SUM_SUFFIX = os.environ.get("SUM_SUFFIX", 'sum.uvh5')
# get input and output suffixes
SMOOTH_CAL_SUFFIX = os.environ.get("SMOOTH_CAL_SUFFIX", 'sum.smooth.calfits')
ZSCORE_SUFFIX = os.environ.get("ZSCORE_SUFFIX", 'sum.red_avg_zscore.h5')
FLAG_WATERFALL2_SUFFIX = os.environ.get("FLAG_WATERFALL2_SUFFIX", 'sum.flag_waterfall_round_2.h5')
OUT_YAML_SUFFIX = os.environ.get("OUT_YAML_SUFFIX", '_aposteriori_flags.yaml')
OUT_YAML_DIR = os.environ.get("OUT_YAML_DIR", None)
# build globs
sum_glob = '.'.join(SUM_FILE.split('.')[:-3]) + '.*.' + SUM_SUFFIX
cal_files_glob = sum_glob.replace(SUM_SUFFIX, SMOOTH_CAL_SUFFIX)
zscore_glob = sum_glob.replace(SUM_SUFFIX, ZSCORE_SUFFIX)
# build out yaml file
if OUT_YAML_DIR is None:
OUT_YAML_DIR = os.path.dirname(SUM_FILE)
out_yaml_file = os.path.join(OUT_YAML_DIR, SUM_FILE.split('.')[-4] + OUT_YAML_SUFFIX)
# get flagging parameters
Z_THRESH = float(os.environ.get("Z_THRESH", 5))
WS_Z_THRESH = float(os.environ.get("WS_Z_THRESH", 4))
AVG_Z_THRESH = float(os.environ.get("AVG_Z_THRESH", 1))
MAX_FREQ_FLAG_FRAC = float(os.environ.get("MAX_FREQ_FLAG_FRAC", .25))
MAX_TIME_FLAG_FRAC = float(os.environ.get("MAX_TIME_FLAG_FRAC", .1))
for setting in ['Z_THRESH', 'WS_Z_THRESH', 'AVG_Z_THRESH', 'MAX_FREQ_FLAG_FRAC', 'MAX_TIME_FLAG_FRAC']:
print(f'{setting} = {eval(setting)}')
Z_THRESH = 5.0 WS_Z_THRESH = 4.0 AVG_Z_THRESH = 1.0 MAX_FREQ_FLAG_FRAC = 0.25 MAX_TIME_FLAG_FRAC = 0.1
Load z-scores¶
In [4]:
# load z-scores
zscore_files = sorted(glob.glob(zscore_glob))
print(f'Found {len(zscore_files)} *.{ZSCORE_SUFFIX} files starting with {zscore_files[0]}.')
uvf = UVFlag(zscore_files, use_future_array_shapes=True)
Found 1921 *.sum.red_avg_zscore.h5 files starting with /mnt/sn1/data2/2460594/zen.2460594.25255.sum.red_avg_zscore.h5.
In [5]:
# get calibration solution files
cal_files = sorted(glob.glob(cal_files_glob))
print(f'Found {len(cal_files)} *.{SMOOTH_CAL_SUFFIX} files starting with {cal_files[0]}.')
Found 1921 *.sum.smooth.calfits files starting with /mnt/sn1/data2/2460594/zen.2460594.25255.sum.smooth.calfits.
In [6]:
assert len(zscore_files) == len(cal_files)
In [7]:
# extract z-scores and correct by a single number per polarization to account for biases created by filtering
zscore = {pol: uvf.metric_array[:, :, np.argwhere(uvf.polarization_array == utils.polstr2num(pol, x_orientation=uvf.x_orientation))[0][0]] for pol in ['ee', 'nn']}
zscore = {pol: zscore[pol] - np.nanmedian(zscore[pol]) for pol in zscore}
In [8]:
freqs = uvf.freq_array
times = uvf.time_array
In [9]:
extent = [freqs[0] / 1e6, freqs[-1] / 1e6, times[-1] - int(times[0]), times[0] - int(times[0])]
In [10]:
def plot_max_z_score(zscore, flags=None):
if flags is None:
flags = np.any(~np.isfinite(list(zscore.values())), axis=0)
plt.figure(figsize=(14,10), dpi=100)
plt.imshow(np.where(flags, np.nan, np.nanmax([zscore['ee'], zscore['nn']], axis=0)), aspect='auto',
cmap='coolwarm', interpolation='none', vmin=-10, vmax=10, extent=extent)
plt.colorbar(location='top', label='Max z-score of either polarization', extend='both', aspect=40, pad=.02)
plt.xlabel('Frequency (MHz)')
plt.ylabel(f'JD - {int(times[0])}')
plt.tight_layout()
Figure 1: Waterfall of Maximum z-Score of Either Polarization Before Round 2 Flagging¶
Shows the worse of the two results from delay_filtered_average_zscore from either polarization. Dips near flagged channels are expected, due to overfitting of noise. Positive-going excursions are problematic and likely evidence of RFI.
In [11]:
plot_max_z_score(zscore)
All-NaN axis encountered
In [12]:
def plot_histogram():
plt.figure(figsize=(14,4), dpi=100)
bins = np.arange(-50, 100, .1)
hist_ee = plt.hist(np.ravel(zscore['ee']), bins=bins, density=True, label='ee-polarized z-scores', alpha=.5)
hist_nn = plt.hist(np.ravel(zscore['nn']), bins=bins, density=True, label='nn-polarized z-scores', alpha=.5)
plt.plot(bins, (2*np.pi)**-.5 * np.exp(-bins**2 / 2), 'k:', label='Gaussian approximate\nnoise-only distribution')
plt.axvline(WS_Z_THRESH, c='r', ls='--', label='Watershed z-score')
plt.axvline(Z_THRESH, c='r', ls='-', label='Threshold z-score')
plt.yscale('log')
all_densities = np.concatenate([hist_ee[0][hist_ee[0] > 0], hist_nn[0][hist_nn[0] > 0]])
plt.ylim(np.min(all_densities) / 2, np.max(all_densities) * 2)
plt.xlim([-50, 100])
plt.legend()
plt.xlabel('z-score')
plt.ylabel('Density')
plt.tight_layout()
Figure 2: Histogram of z-scores¶
Shows a comparison of the histogram of z-scores in this file (one per polarization) to a Gaussian approximation of what one might expect from thermal noise. Without filtering, the actual distribution is a weighted sum of Rayleigh distributions. Filtering further complicates this. To make the z-scores more reliable, a single per-polarization median is subtracted from each waterfall, which allows us to flag low-level outliers with more confidence. Any points beyond the solid red line are flagged. Any points neighboring a flag beyond the dashed red line are also flagged. Finally, flagging is performed for low-level outliers in whole times or channels.
In [13]:
plot_histogram()
Perform flagging¶
In [14]:
def iteratively_flag_on_averaged_zscore(flags, zscore, avg_z_thresh=1.5, verbose=True):
'''Flag whole integrations or channels based on average z-score. This is done
iteratively to prevent bad times affecting channel averages or vice versa.'''
flagged_chan_count = 0
flagged_int_count = 0
while True:
zspec = np.nanmean(np.where(flags, np.nan, zscore), axis=0)
ztseries = np.nanmean(np.where(flags, np.nan, zscore), axis=1)
if (np.nanmax(zspec) < avg_z_thresh) and (np.nanmax(ztseries) < avg_z_thresh):
break
if np.nanmax(zspec) >= np.nanmax(ztseries):
flagged_chan_count += np.sum((zspec >= np.nanmax(ztseries)) & (zspec >= avg_z_thresh))
flags[:, (zspec >= np.nanmax(ztseries)) & (zspec >= avg_z_thresh)] = True
else:
flagged_int_count += np.sum((ztseries >= np.nanmax(zspec)) & (ztseries >= avg_z_thresh))
flags[(ztseries >= np.nanmax(zspec)) & (ztseries >= avg_z_thresh), :] = True
if verbose:
print(f'\tFlagging an additional {flagged_int_count} integrations and {flagged_chan_count} channels.')
def impose_max_chan_flag_frac(flags, max_flag_frac=.25, verbose=True):
'''Flag channels already flagged more than max_flag_frac (excluding completely flagged times).'''
unflagged_times = ~np.all(flags, axis=1)
frequently_flagged_chans = np.mean(flags[unflagged_times, :], axis=0) >= max_flag_frac
if verbose:
print(f'\tFlagging {np.sum(frequently_flagged_chans) - np.sum(np.all(flags, axis=0))} channels previously flagged {max_flag_frac:.2%} or more.')
flags[:, frequently_flagged_chans] = True
def impose_max_time_flag_frac(flags, max_flag_frac=.25, verbose=True):
'''Flag times already flagged more than max_flag_frac (excluding completely flagged channels).'''
unflagged_chans = ~np.all(flags, axis=0)
frequently_flagged_times = np.mean(flags[:, unflagged_chans], axis=1) >= max_flag_frac
if verbose:
print(f'\tFlagging {np.sum(frequently_flagged_times) - np.sum(np.all(flags, axis=1))} times previously flagged {max_flag_frac:.2%} or more.')
flags[frequently_flagged_times, :] = True
In [15]:
flags = np.any(~np.isfinite(list(zscore.values())), axis=0)
print(f'{np.mean(flags):.3%} of waterfall flagged to start.')
# flag largest outliers
for pol in ['ee', 'nn']:
flags |= (zscore[pol] > Z_THRESH)
print(f'{np.mean(flags):.3%} of waterfall flagged after flagging z > {Z_THRESH} outliers.')
# watershed flagging
while True:
nflags = np.sum(flags)
for pol in ['ee', 'nn']:
flags |= xrfi._ws_flag_waterfall(zscore[pol], flags, WS_Z_THRESH)
if np.sum(flags) == nflags:
break
print(f'{np.mean(flags):.3%} of waterfall flagged after watershed flagging on z > {WS_Z_THRESH} neightbors of prior flags.')
# flag whole integrations or channels
while True:
nflags = np.sum(flags)
for pol in ['ee', 'nn']:
iteratively_flag_on_averaged_zscore(flags, zscore[pol], avg_z_thresh=AVG_Z_THRESH, verbose=True)
impose_max_chan_flag_frac(flags, max_flag_frac=MAX_FREQ_FLAG_FRAC, verbose=True)
impose_max_time_flag_frac(flags, max_flag_frac=MAX_TIME_FLAG_FRAC, verbose=True)
if np.sum(flags) == nflags:
break
print(f'{np.mean(flags):.3%} of waterfall flagged after flagging whole times and channels with average z > {AVG_Z_THRESH}.')
41.196% of waterfall flagged to start. 42.669% of waterfall flagged after flagging z > 5.0 outliers.
43.028% of waterfall flagged after watershed flagging on z > 4.0 neightbors of prior flags.
Mean of empty slice Mean of empty slice
Flagging an additional 0 integrations and 12 channels. Flagging 6 channels previously flagged 25.00% or more. Flagging 294 times previously flagged 10.00% or more.
Flagging an additional 0 integrations and 1 channels. Flagging 0 channels previously flagged 25.00% or more. Flagging 0 times previously flagged 10.00% or more. Flagging an additional 0 integrations and 0 channels. Flagging 0 channels previously flagged 25.00% or more. Flagging 0 times previously flagged 10.00% or more.
Flagging an additional 0 integrations and 0 channels. Flagging 0 channels previously flagged 25.00% or more. Flagging 0 times previously flagged 10.00% or more. 48.845% of waterfall flagged after flagging whole times and channels with average z > 1.0.
Show results of flagging¶
Figure 3: Waterfall of Maximum z-Score of Either Polarization After Round 2 Flagging¶
The same as Figure 1, but after the flagging performed in this notebook.
In [16]:
plot_max_z_score(zscore, flags=flags)
All-NaN axis encountered
In [17]:
def zscore_spectra():
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(14,6), dpi=100, sharex=True, sharey=True, gridspec_kw={'hspace': 0})
for ax, pol in zip(axes, ['ee', 'nn']):
ax.plot(freqs / 1e6, np.nanmean(zscore[pol], axis=0),'r', label=f'{pol}-Polarization Before Round 2 Flagging', lw=.5)
ax.plot(freqs / 1e6, np.nanmean(np.where(flags, np.nan, zscore[pol]), axis=0), label=f'{pol}-Polarization After Round 2 Flagging')
ax.legend(loc='lower right')
ax.set_ylabel('Time-Averged Z-Score\n(Excluding Flags)')
ax.set_ylim(-11, 11)
axes[1].set_xlabel('Frequency (MHz)')
plt.tight_layout()
Figure 4: Spectra of Time-Averaged z-Scores¶
The average along the time axis of Figures 1 and 3 (though now separated per-polarization). This plot is useful for showing channels with repeated low-level RFI.
In [18]:
zscore_spectra()
Mean of empty slice Mean of empty slice
In [19]:
def summarize_flagging():
plt.figure(figsize=(14,10), dpi=100)
cmap = matplotlib.colors.ListedColormap(((0, 0, 0),) + matplotlib.cm.get_cmap("Set2").colors[0:2])
plt.imshow(np.where(np.any(~np.isfinite(list(zscore.values())), axis=0), 1, np.where(flags, 2, 0)),
aspect='auto', cmap=cmap, interpolation='none', extent=extent)
plt.clim([-.5, 2.5])
cbar = plt.colorbar(location='top', aspect=40, pad=.02)
cbar.set_ticks([0, 1, 2])
cbar.set_ticklabels(['Unflagged', 'Previously Flagged', 'Flagged Here Using Delayed Filtered z-Scores'])
plt.xlabel('Frequency (MHz)')
plt.ylabel(f'JD - {int(times[0])}')
plt.tight_layout()
Figure 5: Summary of Flags Before and After Round 2 Flagging¶
This plot shows which times and frequencies were flagged before and after this notebook. It is directly comparable to Figure 5 of the first round full_day_rfi notebook.
In [20]:
summarize_flagging()
The get_cmap function was deprecated in Matplotlib 3.7 and will be removed two minor releases later. Use ``matplotlib.colormaps[name]`` or ``matplotlib.colormaps.get_cmap(obj)`` instead.
Save results¶
In [21]:
add_to_history = 'by full_day_rfi_round_2 notebook with the following environment:\n' + '=' * 65 + '\n' + os.popen('conda env export').read() + '=' * 65
In [22]:
tind = 0
always_flagged_ants = set()
ever_unflagged_ants = set()
for cal_file in cal_files:
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
# update cal_file
uvc = UVCal()
uvc.read(cal_file, use_future_array_shapes=True)
uvc.flag_array |= (flags[tind:tind + len(uvc.time_array), :].T)[None, :, :, None]
uvc.history += 'Modified ' + add_to_history
uvc.write_calfits(cal_file, clobber=True)
# keep track of flagged antennas
for antnum in uvc.ant_array:
for antpol in ['Jee', 'Jnn']:
if np.all(uvc.get_flags(antnum, antpol)):
if (antnum, antpol) not in ever_unflagged_ants:
always_flagged_ants.add((antnum, antpol))
else:
ever_unflagged_ants.add((antnum, antpol))
always_flagged_ants.discard((antnum, antpol))
# Create new flag object
uvf_out = UVFlag(uvc, waterfall=True, mode='flag')
uvf_out.flag_array |= flags[tind:tind + len(uvc.time_array), :, None]
uvf_out.history += 'Produced ' + add_to_history
uvf_out.write(cal_file.replace(SMOOTH_CAL_SUFFIX, FLAG_WATERFALL2_SUFFIX), clobber=True)
# increment time index
tind += len(uvc.time_array)
print(f'Saved {len(cal_files)} *.{FLAG_WATERFALL2_SUFFIX} files starting with {cal_files[0].replace(SMOOTH_CAL_SUFFIX, FLAG_WATERFALL2_SUFFIX)}.')
Saved 1921 *.sum.flag_waterfall_round_2.h5 files starting with /mnt/sn1/data2/2460594/zen.2460594.25255.sum.flag_waterfall_round_2.h5.
In [23]:
# write summary of entirely flagged times/freqs/ants to yaml
all_flagged_times = np.all(flags, axis=1)
all_flagged_freqs = np.all(flags, axis=0)
all_flagged_ants = sorted(always_flagged_ants)
dt = np.median(np.diff(times))
out_yml_str = 'JD_flags: ' + str([[times[flag_stretch][0] - dt / 2, times[flag_stretch][-1] + dt / 2]
for flag_stretch in true_stretches(all_flagged_times)])
df = np.median(np.diff(freqs))
out_yml_str += '\n\nfreq_flags: ' + str([[freqs[flag_stretch][0] - df / 2, freqs[flag_stretch][-1] + df / 2]
for flag_stretch in true_stretches(all_flagged_freqs)])
out_yml_str += '\n\nex_ants: ' + str(all_flagged_ants).replace("'", "").replace('(', '[').replace(')', ']')
print(f'Writing the following to {out_yaml_file}\n' + '-' * (25 + len(out_yaml_file)))
print(out_yml_str)
with open(out_yaml_file, 'w') as outfile:
outfile.writelines(out_yml_str)
Writing the following to /mnt/sn1/data2/2460594/2460594_aposteriori_flags.yaml ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ JD_flags: [[2460594.252663199, 2460594.252886895], [2460594.252998743, 2460594.253557984], [2460594.25378168, 2460594.254788313], [2460594.2550120093, 2460594.2560186423], [2460594.2561304905, 2460594.2562423386], [2460594.2631769213, 2460594.2632887694], [2460594.2648546426, 2460594.2649664907], [2460594.268098238, 2460594.268321934], [2460594.269664111, 2460594.269775959], [2460594.271677377, 2460594.2719010734], [2460594.272460314, 2460594.272572162], [2460594.273355099, 2460594.273466947], [2460594.273578795, 2460594.2739143395], [2460594.274249884, 2460594.274361732], [2460594.27447358, 2460594.274585428], [2460594.274809124, 2460594.274920972], [2460594.27503282, 2460594.275927605], [2460594.2761513013, 2460594.2762631495], [2460594.27682239, 2460594.2771579344], [2460594.2783882637, 2460594.278500112], [2460594.2790593524, 2460594.2802896816], [2460594.281296314, 2460594.2824147954], [2460594.2825266435, 2460594.2836451246], [2460594.2837569728, 2460594.283868821], [2460594.283980669, 2460594.284763606], [2460594.28509915, 2460594.2852109983], [2460594.2853228464, 2460594.2854346945], [2460594.2858820865, 2460594.2859939346], [2460594.286553175, 2460594.2870005677], [2460594.287112416, 2460594.287336112], [2460594.287559808, 2460594.2877835045], [2460594.288119049, 2460594.288230897], [2460594.288454593, 2460594.2885664413], [2460594.2890138337, 2460594.289125682], [2460594.28923753, 2460594.289461226], [2460594.2895730743, 2460594.290020467], [2460594.290132315, 2460594.2908034036], [2460594.2910271, 2460594.2920337324], [2460594.2921455805, 2460594.2929285173], [2460594.2930403654, 2460594.293487758], [2460594.293599606, 2460594.2940469985], [2460594.2941588466, 2460594.2949417834], [2460594.2950536315, 2460594.29572472], [2460594.2958365683, 2460594.296619505], [2460594.2967313533, 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[194, Jee], [198, Jnn], [199, Jnn], [200, Jee], [200, Jnn], [201, Jnn], [202, Jnn], [204, Jee], [204, Jnn], [205, Jee], [205, Jnn], [206, Jee], [206, Jnn], [208, Jee], [209, Jnn], [212, Jnn], [213, Jee], [213, Jnn], [215, Jee], [215, Jnn], [218, Jnn], [232, Jee], [235, Jee], [240, Jee], [240, Jnn], [241, Jee], [241, Jnn], [242, Jee], [242, Jnn], [243, Jee], [243, Jnn], [245, Jnn], [246, Jee], [246, Jnn], [250, Jee], [251, Jee], [253, Jnn], [255, Jnn], [256, Jee], [256, Jnn], [261, Jee], [261, Jnn], [262, Jee], [262, Jnn], [266, Jee], [268, Jnn], [270, Jee], [270, Jnn], [272, Jee], [281, Jee], [281, Jnn], [320, Jee], [320, Jnn], [321, Jee], [321, Jnn], [323, Jee], [323, Jnn], [324, Jee], [324, Jnn], [325, Jee], [325, Jnn], [326, Jee], [326, Jnn], [327, Jee], [327, Jnn], [328, Jee], [328, Jnn], [329, Jee], [329, Jnn], [331, Jee], [331, Jnn], [332, Jee], [332, Jnn], [333, Jee], [333, Jnn], [336, Jee], [336, Jnn], [340, Jee], [340, Jnn]]
Metadata¶
In [24]:
for repo in ['hera_cal', 'hera_qm', 'hera_filters', 'hera_notebook_templates', 'pyuvdata']:
exec(f'from {repo} import __version__')
print(f'{repo}: {__version__}')
hera_cal: 3.6.2.dev110+g0529798 hera_qm: 2.2.0 hera_filters: 0.1.6.dev1+g297dcce
hera_notebook_templates: 0.1.dev936+gdc93cad pyuvdata: 3.0.1.dev70+g283dda3
In [25]:
print(f'Finished execution in {(time.time() - tstart) / 60:.2f} minutes.')
Finished execution in 44.89 minutes.